Ethiopia may have to decide on a big currency devaluation sooner rather than later to secure a rescue loan from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which left the country last week without reaching a much-needed deal with authorities.
East Africa’s most populous country, already struggling with high inflation, became the third African state in as many years to default on its debt in December.
Ethiopia has not received any IMF funds since 2020 and its last lending arrangement with the fund went off track in 2021. The federal government and a rebellious regional authority signed a deal in late 2022 to end a two-year civil war.
The IMF, which said progress was made during its latest visit, has not said that currency reform is necessary for its support.
However, the Fund usually favours flexible, market-determined exchange rates.
Ethiopia has requested $3.5 billion of support from the IMF.
Chronic foreign currency shortages and a tightly controlled exchange rate has allowed a black market to flourish, on which the birr currently trades at between 117 and 120 per dollar, more than double the official rate of around 56.7.
“It seems that the Ethiopian authorities have found accepting the demands of the IMF hard,” said Abdulmenan Mohammed, an Ethiopian economic analyst based in Britain.
“The Ethiopian authorities are worried about devaluation of the birr, (which) would have serious negative economic repercussions, including soaring inflation and surging foreign currency denominated debts in terms of birr.”
In early 2021, Ethiopia requested a debt restructuring under the G20’s Common Framework, a process established in response to the COVID-19 pandemic to bring in newer creditor countries like China and India. But progress was initially delayed by the civil war.
The country’s external debt was $28.2 billion at the end of March, based on government data.
In August 2023, it secured a debt payments suspension from its largest bilateral creditor China, which from 2006 to 2022 committed to lending the country $14 billion, according to Boston University’s Chinese Loans to Africa Database.
The rest of Ethiopia’s bilateral creditors followed suit in December, but said they could cancel the relief if Ethiopia did not get an IMF deal by March 31. When the deadline lapsed, it was extended to June 30.
There are widely varying estimates of the size of currency devaluation the IMF would accept, that could pave the way for a deal.
